Introduction

Background: French Togoland became Togo in 1960. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, continued to rule well into the 21st century. Despite the facade of multiparty elections instituted in the early 1990s, the government continued to be dominated by President EYADEMA, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party maintained power almost continually since 1967. Togo has come under fire from international organizations for human rights abuses and is plagued by political unrest. While most bilateral and multilateral aid to Togo remains frozen, the European Union initiated a partial resumption of cooperation and development aid to Togo in late 2004. Upon his death in February 2005, President EYADEMA was succeeded by his son Faure GNASSINGBE. The succession, supported by the military and in contravention of the nation's constitution, was challenged by popular protest and a threat of sanctions from regional leaders. GNASSINGBE succumbed to pressure and agreed to hold elections in late April 2005.

Geography

 

Location: Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and Ghana

 

Geographic coordinates: 8 00 N, 1 10 E

 

Map references: Africa

 

Area: total: 56,785 sq km;land: 54,385 sq km;water: 2,400 sq km

 

Area - comparative: slightly smaller than West Virginia

 

Land boundaries: total: 1,647 km;border countries: Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km

 

Coastline: 56 km

 

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 30 nm;exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

 

Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

 

Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes

 

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m;highest point: Mont Agou 986 m

 

Natural resources: phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land

 

Land use: arable land: 46.15%;permanent crops: 2.21%;other: 51.64% (2001)

 

Irrigated land: 70 sq km (1998 est.)

 

Natural hazards: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts

 

Environment - current issues: deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas

 

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

 

Geography - note: the country's length allows it to stretch through six distinct geographic regions; climate varies from tropical to savanna

 

People

 

Population: 5,681,519

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2005 est.)

 

Age structure: 0-14 years: 43.2% (male 1,232,759/female 1,224,060);15-64 years: 54.2% ;male 1,505,737/female 1,571,201);65 years and over: 2.6% (male 60,799/female 86,963) (2005 est.)

 

Median age: total: 17.78 years;male: 17.42 years;female: 18.14 years (2005 est.)

 

Population growth rate: 2.17% (2005 est.)

 

Birth rate: 33.48 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

 

Death rate: 11.8 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

 

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

 

Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female;under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female;15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female;65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female;total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

 

Infant mortality rate: total: 66.61 deaths/1,000 live births;male: 74.24 deaths/1,000 live births;female: 58.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

 

Life expectancy at birth: total population: 52.64 years;male: 50.64 years;female: 54.7 years (2005 est.)

 

Total fertility rate: 4.61 children born/woman (2005 est.)

 

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 4.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 110,000 (2003 est.)

 

HIV/AIDS - deaths: 10,000 (2003 est.)

 

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high;food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever;vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in some locations;water contact disease: schistosomiasis;respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

 

Nationality: noun: Togolese (singular and plural);adjective: Togolese

 

Ethnic groups: native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and

Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

 

Religions: indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 29%, Muslim 20%

 

Languages: French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)

 

Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write;total population: 60.9%;male: 75.4%;female: 46.9% (2003 est.)

 

Government

 

Country name: conventional long form: Togolese Republic;conventional short form: Togo;local long form: Republique Togolaise;local short form: none;former: French Togoland

 

Government type: republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule

 

Capital: Lome

 

Administrative divisions: 5 regions (regions, singular - region); Kara, Plateaux, Savanes, Centrale, Maritime

 

Independence: 27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)

 

National holiday: Independence Day, 27 April (1960)

 

Constitution: multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992

 

Legal system: French-based court system

 

Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult

 

Executive branch: chief of state: President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 6 February 2005); note - Gnassingbe EYADEMA died on 5 February 2005 and was succeeded by his son, Faure GNASSINGBE; popular elections in April 2005 validated the succession;head of government: Prime Minister Edem KODJO (since 8 June 2005);cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the prime minister;elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 24 April 2005 (next to be held NA); prime minister appointed by the president;election results: Faure GNASSINGBE elected president; percent of vote - Faure GNASSINGBE 60.2%, Emmanuel Akitani BOB 38.3%, Nicolas LAWSON 1.0%, Harry OLYMPIO 0.6%

 

Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (81 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms);elections: last held 27 October 2002 (next to be held NA 2007);election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPT 72, RSDD 3, UDPS 2, Juvento 2, MOCEP 1, independents 1;note: two opposition parties boycotted the election, the Union of the Forces for Change, and the Action Committee for Renewal

 

Judicial branch: Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

 

Economy

 

Economy - overview: This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for 65% of the labor force. Some basic foodstuffs must still be imported. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton generate about 40% of export earnings, with cotton being the most important cash crop. Togo is the world's fourth-largest producer of phosphate, but production fell an estimated 22% in 2002 due to power shortages and the cost of developing new deposits. The government's decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has moved slowly. Progress depends on following through on privatization, increased openness in government financial operations, progress toward legislative elections, and continued support from foreign donors.

 

GDP: purchasing power parity - $8.684 billion (2004 est.)

 

GDP - real growth rate: 3% (2004 est.)

 

GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $1,600 (2004 est.)

 

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 39.5%;industry: 20.4%;services: 40.1% (2003 est.)

 

Labor force: 1.74 million (1996)

 

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 65%, industry 5%, services 30% (1998 est.)

 

Unemployment rate: NA (2003 est.)

 

Population below poverty line: 32% (1989 est.)

 

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA;highest 10%: NA

 

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (2004 est.)

 

Investment (gross fixed): 19.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

 

Budget: revenues: $239.2 million;expenditures: $273.3 million, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.)

 

Agriculture - products: coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock; fish

 

Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement; handicrafts, textiles, beverages

 

Industrial production growth rate: NA

 

Electricity - production: 108.8 million kWh (2002)

 

Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2002)

 

Electricity - imports: 350 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by Ghana (2002)

 

Oil - production: 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

 

Oil - consumption: 10,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

 

Oil - exports: NA

 

Oil - imports: NA

 

Current account balance: $-125.6 million (2004 est.)

 

Exports: $663.1 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

 

Exports - commodities: reexports, cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa

 

Exports - partners: Burkina Faso 16%, Ghana 14.7%, Benin 9.2%, China 8.1%, Mali 7.5%, Netherlands 6.6%, Taiwan 4.2% (2004)

 

Imports: $824.9 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

 

Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products

 

Imports - partners: China 24.7%, France 16.1%, Malaysia 5.3%, Italy 4.6%, Germany 4.6%, UK 4.3%, Netherlands 4.2%, Thailand 4.2%, Belgium 4.2% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $267.4 million (2004 est.)

 

Debt - external: $1.4 billion (2000)

 

Economic aid - recipient: ODA $80 million (2000 est.)

 

Currency (code): Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
 

Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)

 

Fiscal year: calendar year

 

Communications

 

Telephones - main lines in use: 60,600 (2003)

 

Telephones - mobile cellular: 220,000 (2003)

 

Telephone system: general assessment: fair system based on a network of microwave radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and a mobile cellular system;domestic: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional system; cellular system has capacity of 10,000 telephones;international: country code - 228; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Symphonie

 

Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 4 (1998)

 

Television broadcast stations: 3 (plus two repeaters) (1997)

 

Internet country code: .tg

 

Internet hosts: 82 (2003)

 

Internet users: 210,000 (2003)

 

Transportation

 

Railways: total: 568 km;narrow gauge: 568 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

 

Highways: total: 7,520 km;paved: 2,376 km;unpaved: 5,144 km (1999 est.)

 

Waterways: 50 km (seasonally on Mono River depending on rainfall) (2003)

 

Ports and harbors: Kpeme, Lome

 

Merchant marine: total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,918 GRT/3,852 DWT;by type: cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 1 (2005)

 

Airports: 9 (2004 est.)

 

Airports - with paved runways: total: 2;2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2004 est.)

 

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 7;914 to 1,523 m: 5;under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

 

Transnational Issues

 

Disputes - international: in 2001 Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint commission continues to resurvey the boundary

 

Illicit drugs: transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; money laundering not a significant problem