Introduction
Background: The territory of Northern Rhodesia was administered by the South Africa Company from 1891 until it was taken over by the UK in 1923. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia upon independence in 1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end to one-party rule, but the subsequent vote in 1996 saw blatant harassment of opposition parties. The election in 2001 was marked by administrative problems with three parties filing a legal petition challenging the election of ruling party candidate Levy MWANAWASA. The new president launched a far-reaching anti-corruption campaign in 2002, which resulted in the prosecution of former President Frederick CHILUBA and many of his supporters in late 2003. Opposition parties currently hold a majority of seats in the National Assembly.
Geography
Location: Southern Africa, east of Angola
Geographic coordinates: 15 00 S, 30 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area: total: 752,614 sq km; land: 740,724 sq km; water: 11,890 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly larger than Texas
Land boundaries: total: 5,664 km; border countries: Angola 1,110 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,930 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zimbabwe 797 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)
Terrain: mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Zambezi river 329 m; highest point: unnamed location in Mafinga Hills 2,301 m
Natural resources: copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower
Land use: arable land: 7.08%; permanent crops: 0.03%; other: 92.9% (2001)
Irrigated land: 460 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: periodic drought, tropical storms (November to April)
Environment - current issues: air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral extraction and refining region; chemical runoff into watersheds; poaching seriously threatens rhinoceros, elephant, antelope, and large cat populations; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; lack of adequate water treatment presents human health risks
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Geography - note: landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with Zimbabwe
People
Population: 11,261,795; note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2005 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 46.5% (male 2,626,911/female 2,609,857); 15-64 years: 51.1% (male 2,848,402/female 2,904,376); 65 years and over: 2.4% (male 118,043/female 154,206) (2005 est.)
Median age: total: 16.46 years; male: 16.26 years; female: 16.67 years (2005 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.12% (2005 est.)
Birth rate: 41.38 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Death rate: 20.23 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female; under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female; 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female; 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female; total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 88.29 deaths/1,000 live births; male: 95.63 deaths/1,000 live births; female: 80.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 39.7 years; male: 39.43 years; female: 39.98 years (2005 est.)
Total fertility rate: 5.47 children born/woman (2005 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 16.5% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 920,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 89,000 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high; food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever; vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some locations; water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)
Nationality: noun: Zambian(s); adjective: Zambian
Ethnic groups: African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%
Religions: Christian 50%-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24%-49%, indigenous beliefs 1%
Languages: English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write English; total population: 80.6%; male: 86.8%; female: 74.8% (2003 est.)
Government
Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Zambia; conventional short form: Zambia; former: Northern Rhodesia
Government type: republic
Capital: Lusaka
Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western
Independence: 24 October 1964 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 24 October (1964)
Constitution: 24 August 1991
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Levy MWANAWASA (since 2 January 2002); Vice President Lupando MWAPE (since 4 October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; head of government: President Levy MWANAWASA (since 2 January 2002); Vice President Lupando MWAPE (since 4 October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly; elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 27 December 2001 (next to be held December 2006); vice president appointed by the president; election results: Levy MWANAWASA elected president; percent of vote - Levy MWANAWASA 29%, Anderson MAZOKA 27%, Christon TEMBO 13%, Tilyenji KAUNDA 10%, Godfrey MIYANDA 8%, Benjamin MWILA 5%, Michael SATA 3%, other 5%
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (150 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms); elections: last held 27 December 2001 (next to be held December 2006); election results: percent of vote by party - MMD 45.9%, UPND 32.4%, UNIP 8.8%, FDD 8.1%, HP 2.7%, PF 0.7%, ZRP 0.7%, independents 0.7%; seats by party - MMD 68, UPND 48, UNIP 13, FDD 12, HP 4, PF 1, ZRP 1, independents 1; seats not determined 2
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (the final court of appeal; justices are appointed by the president); High Court (has unlimited jurisdiction to hear civil and criminal cases)
Economy
Economy - overview: Despite progress in privatization and budgetary reform, Zambia's economic growth remains somewhat below the 5% to 7% needed to reduce poverty significantly. Privatization of government-owned copper mines relieved the government from covering mammoth losses generated by the industry and greatly improved the chances for copper mining to return to profitability and spur economic growth. Copper output increased in 2004 and is expected to increase again in 2005, due to higher copper prices and the opening of new mines. The maize harvest was again good in 2004, helping boost GDP and agricultural exports. Cooperation continues with international bodies on programs to reduce poverty, including a new lending arrangement with the IMF in the second quarter, 2004. A tighter monetary policy will help cut inflation, but Zambia still has a serious problem with fiscal discipline.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $9.409 billion (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 4.6% (2004 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $900 (2004 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 14.9%; industry: 28.9%; services: 56.1% (2004 est.)
Labor force: 4.63 million (2004 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 85%, industry 6%, services 9%
Unemployment rate: 50% (2000 est.)
Population below poverty line: 86% (1993)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.1%; highest 10%: 41% (1998)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 52.6 (1998)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 18.3% (2004 est.)
Investment (gross fixed): 41.4% of GDP (2004 est.)
Budget: revenues: $1.129 billion; expenditures: $1.307 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.)
Public debt: 127.5% of GDP (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products: corn, sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower seed, vegetables, flowers, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava (tapioca); cattle, goats, pigs, poultry, milk, eggs, hides; coffee
Industries: copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, fertilizer, horticulture
Industrial production growth rate: 6.9% (2004 est.)
Electricity - production: 8.167 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - consumption: 5.345 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - exports: 2.25 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2002)
Oil - production: 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption: 11,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports: NA
Oil - imports: NA
Current account balance: $-181.4 million (2004 est.)
Exports: $1.548 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities: copper/cobalt 64%, cobalt, electricity, tobacco, flowers, cotton
Exports - partners: Tanzania 14.1%, South Africa 13.2%, China 9.1%, Japan 7.9%, Thailand 7.9%, Switzerland 7.3%, Belgium 6.7%, Malaysia 4% (2004)
Imports: $1.519 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Imports - commodities: machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, electricity, fertilizer; foodstuffs, clothing
Imports - partners: South Africa 50.3%, Zimbabwe 13.2%, UAE 5.3% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $345 million (2004 est.)
Debt - external: $5.353 billion (2004 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $651 million (2000 est.)
Currency (code): Zambian kwacha (ZMK)
Exchange rates: Zambian kwacha per US dollar - 4,778.9 (2004), 4,733.3 (2003), 4,398.6 (2002), 3,610.9 (2001), 3,110.8 (2000)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones - main lines in use: 88,400 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 241,000 (2003)
Telephone system: general assessment: facilities are aging but still among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa
domestic: high-capacity microwave radio relay connects most larger towns and cities; several cellular telephone services in operation; Internet service is widely available; very small aperture terminal (VSAT) networks are operated by private firms
international: country code - 260; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 19, FM 5, shortwave 4 (2001)
Television broadcast stations: 9 (2002)
Internet country code: .zm
Internet hosts: 1,880 (2003)
Internet users: 68,200 (2003)
Transportation
Railways: total: 2,173 km; narrow gauge: 2,173 km 1.067-m gauge; note: includes 891 km of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA) (2004)
Highways: total: 91,440 km; paved: 20,117 km; unpaved: 71,323 km (2001)
Waterways: 2,250 km; note: includes Lake Tanganyika and the Zambezi and Luapula rivers (2003)
Pipelines: oil 771 km (2004)
Ports and harbors: Mpulungu
Airports: 109 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 10; over 3,047 m: 1; 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3; 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4; 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 99; 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1; 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4; 914 to 1,523 m: 62; under 914 m: 32 (2004 est.)
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections and joined Namibia in supporting plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river; 90,000 Angolan refugees were repatriated from Zambia by 2004, the remaining 160,000 are expected to return in 2005
Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 158,894 (Angola) 58,405 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) 5,767 (Rwanda) (2004)
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for moderate amounts of methaqualone, small amounts of heroin, and cocaine bound for Southern Africa and possibly Europe; a poorly developed financial infrastructure coupled with a government commitment to combating money laundering make it an unattractive venue for money launderers.
