Introduction

Background: Following its heyday as a world power during the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence in 1822 of Brazil as a colony. A 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy; for most of the next six decades, repressive governments ran the country. In 1974, a left-wing military coup installed broad democratic reforms. The following year, Portugal granted independence to all of its African colonies. Portugal is a founding member of NATO and entered the EC (now the EU) in 1986.

Geography

Location: Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Spain

Geographic coordinates: 39 30 N, 8 00 W

Map references: Europe

Area: total: 92,391 sq km; land: 91,951 sq km; water: 440 sq km

note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands

Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Indiana

Land boundaries: total: 1,214 km; border countries: Spain 1,214 km

Coastline: 1,793 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nm ; exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south

Terrain: mountainous north of the Tagus River, rolling plains in south

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m; highest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in the Azores 2,351 m

Natural resources: fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 21.75%; permanent crops: 7.81%; other: 70.44% (2001)

Irrigated land: 6,320 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards: Azores subject to severe earthquakes

Environment - current issues: soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas

Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental Modification

Geography - note: Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

People

Population: 10,566,212 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure: 0-14 years: 16.6% (male 916,234/female 839,935); 15-64 years: 66.3% (male 3,468,844/female 3,538,779); 65 years and over: 17.1% (male 744,787/female 1,057,633) (2005 est.)

Median age: total: 38.2 years; male: 36.06 years; female: 40.33 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.39% (2005 est.)

Birth rate: 10.82 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate: 10.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate: 3.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female; under 15 years: 1.09 male(s)/female; 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female; 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female; total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate: total: 5.05 deaths/1,000 live births; male: 5.53 deaths/1,000 live births; female: 4.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.53 years; male: 74.25 years; female: 81.03 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.47 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.4% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 22,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 1,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality: noun: Portuguese (singular and plural); adjective: Portuguese

Ethnic groups: homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal

Religions: Roman Catholic 94%, Protestant (1995)

Languages: Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used)

Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write; total population: 93.3%; male: 95.5%; female: 91.3% (2003 est.)

Government

Country name: conventional long form: Portuguese Republic; conventional short form: Portugal; local long form: Republica Portuguesa; local short form: Portugal

Government type: parliamentary democracy

Capital: Lisbon

Administrative divisions: 18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu

Independence: 1143 (Kingdom of Portugal recognized); 5 October 1910 (independent republic proclaimed)

National holiday: Portugal Day, 10 June (1580); note - also called Camoes Day, the day that revered national poet Luis de Camoes (1524-80) died

Constitution: 25 April 1976; revised many times

Legal system: civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch: chief of state: President Jorge SAMPAIO (since 9 March 1996)

head of government: Prime Minister Jose SOCRATES (since 12 March 2005)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative body to the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 14 January 2001 (next to be held January 2006); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president

election results: Jorge SAMPAIO reelected president; percent of vote - Jorge SAMPAIO (Socialist) 55.8%, Joaquim FERREIRA Do Amaral (Social Democrat) 34.5%, Antonio ABREU (Communist) 5.1%

Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (230 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 20 February 2005 (next to be held February 2009); note - President SAMPAIO called for early elections after dissolving parliament on 10 December 2004 because he lacked confidence in the four-month center-right government

election results: percent of vote by party - PS 45.1%, PSD 28.7%, CDU 7.6%, PP 7.3%, BE 6.4%; seats by party - PS 121, PSD 75, CDU 14, PP 12, BE 8

Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (judges appointed for life by the Conselho Superior da Magistratura)

Economy

Economy - overview: Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Community in 1986. Over the past decade, successive governments have privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The country qualified for the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU member economies. Economic growth had been above the EU average for much of the past decade, but fell back in 2001-04. GDP per capita stands at two-thirds that of the Big Four EU economies. A poor educational system, in particular, has been an obstacle to greater productivity and growth. Portugal has been increasingly overshadowed by lower-cost producers in Central Europe and Asia as a target for foreign direct investment. The government faces tough choices in its attempts to boost Portugal's economic competitiveness while keeping the budget deficit within the eurozone's 3%-of-GDP ceiling.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $188.7 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate: 1.1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $17,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 5.9%; industry: 30.2%; services: 63.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 5.48 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 10%, industry 30%, services 60% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate: 6.5% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line: NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.1%; highest 10%:

28.4% (1995 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index: 35.6 (1994-95)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed): 22.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget: revenues: $74.38 billion; expenditures: $79.86 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.)

Public debt: 61.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products: grain, potatoes, olives, grapes; sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, beef, dairy products

Industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metals and metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; rubber and plastic products; ceramics; electronics and communications equipment; rail transportation equipment; aerospace equipment; ship construction and refurbishment; wine; tourism

Industrial production growth rate: 1.1% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production: 43.28 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - consumption: 42.15 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports: 3.4 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports: 5.3 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production: 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption: 339,800 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports: 28,830 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports: 357,300 bbl/day (2001)

Natural gas - production: 0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption: 2.542 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports: 2.553 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance: $-8.12 billion (2004 est.)

Exports: $37.68 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities: clothing and footwear, machinery, chemicals, cork and paper products, hides

Exports - partners: Spain 24.8%, France 14%, Germany 13.5%, UK 9.6%, US 6%, Italy 4.3%, Belgium 4.1% (2004)

Imports: $52.1 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum, textiles, agricultural products

Imports - partners: Spain 29.3%, Germany 14.4%, France 9.7%, Italy 6.1%, Netherlands 4.6%, UK 4.5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $12.3 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external: $274.7 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - donor: ODA, $271 million (1995)

Currency (code): euro (EUR)

note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Exchange rates: euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Communications

Telephones - main lines in use: 4,278,800 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular: 9,341,400 (2003)

Telephone system: general assessment: Portugal's telephone system has achieved a state-of-the-art network with broadband, high-speed capabilities and a main line telephone density of 53%; domestic: integrated network of coaxial cables, open-wire, microwave radio relay, and domestic satellite earth stations; international: country code - 351; 6 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores; note - an earth station for Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region) is planned.