Introduction

Background: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 was resisted by various paramilitary bands that fought each other as well as the invaders. The group headed by Marshal TITO took full control upon German expulsion in 1945. Although Communist, his new government and its successors (he died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In the early 1990s, post-TITO Yugoslavia began to unravel along ethnic lines: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina were recognized as independent states in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" (FRY) in April 1992 and, under President Slobodan MILOSEVIC, Serbia led various military intervention efforts to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." All of these efforts were ultimately unsuccessful and led to Yugoslavia being ousted from the UN in 1992. In 1998-99, massive expulsions by FRY forces and Serb paramilitaries of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo provoked an international response, including the NATO bombing of Serbia and the stationing of a NATO-led force (KFOR), in Kosovo. Federal elections in the fall of 2000, brought about the ouster of MILOSEVIC and installed Vojislav KOSTUNICA as president. The arrest of MILOSEVIC in 2001 allowed for his subsequent transfer to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague to be tried for crimes against humanity. In 2001, the country's suspension from the UN was lifted, and it was once more accepted into UN organizations under the name of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Kosovo has been governed by the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) since June 1999, under the authority of UN Security Council Resolution 1244, pending a determination by the international community of its future status. In 2002, the Serbian and Montenegrin components of Yugoslavia began negotiations to forge a looser relationship. These talks became a reality in February 2003 when lawmakers restructured the country into a loose federation of two republics called Serbia and Montenegro. The Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro includes a provision that allows either republic to hold a referendum after three years that would allow for their independence from the state union.

 

Geography

 

Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina

 

Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 21 00 E

 

Map references: Europe

 

Area: total: 102,350 sq km; land: 102,136 sq km; water: 214 sq km

 

Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Kentucky

 

Land boundaries: total: 2,246 km; border countries: Albania 287 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km, Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km

Coastline: 199 km

 

Maritime claims: NA

 

Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

 

Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast

 

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m; highest point: Daravica 2,656 m

 

Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, antimony, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, hydropower, arable land

 

Land use: arable land: 33.35%; permanent crops: 3.2%; other: 63.45% (2001)

 

Irrigated land: 570 sq km

 

Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes

 

Environment - current issues: pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube

 

Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

 

Geography - note: controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast

 

People

 

Population: 10,829,175 (July 2005 est.)

 

Age structure: 0-14 years: 18.1% (male 1,014,443/female 943,702); 15-64 years: 66.9% (male 3,610,646/female 3,632,365); 65 years and over: 15% (male 699,446/female 928,573) (2005 est.)

 

Median age: total: 36.79 years; male: 35.3 years; female: 38.29 years (2005 est.)

 

Population growth rate: 0.03% (2005 est.)

 

Birth rate: 12.12 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

 

Death rate: 10.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

 

Net migration rate: -1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

 

Sex ratio: at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female; under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female; 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female; 65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female; total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

 

Infant mortality rate: total: 12.89 deaths/1,000 live births; male: 14.54 deaths/1,000 live births; female: 11.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

 

Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74.73 years; male: 72.15 years; female: 77.51 years (2005 est.)

 

Total fertility rate: 1.67 children born/woman (2005 est.)

 

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.2% (2001 est.)

 

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 10,000 (2001 est.)

 

HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 100 (2003 est.)

 

Nationality: noun: Serb(s); Montenegrin(s); adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin

 

Ethnic groups: Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)

 

Religions: Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%

 

Languages: Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%

 

Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write; total population: 93%; male: 97.2%

female: 88.9% (1991)

 

Government

 

Country name: conventional long form: Serbia and Montenegro; conventional short form: none; local long form: Srbija i Crna Gora; local short form: none; former: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; abbreviation: SCG

 

Government type: republic

 

Capital: Belgrade

 

Administrative divisions: 2 republics (republike, singular - republika); and 2 nominally autonomous provinces* (autonomn pokrajine, singular - autonomna pokrajina); Kosovo* (temporarily under UN administration, per UN Security Council Resolution 1244), Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*

Independence: 27 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or FRY - now Serbia and Montenegro - formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRY)

 

National holiday: National Day, 27 April

 

Constitution: 4 February 2003

 

Legal system: based on civil law system

 

Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

 

Executive branch: chief of state: President Svetozar MAROVIC (since 7 March 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Svetozar MAROVIC (since 7 March 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Federal Ministries act as Cabinet

elections: president elected by the parliament for a four-year term; election last held 7 March 2003 (next to be held 2007)

election results: Svetozar MAROVIC elected president by the parliament; vote was Svetozar MAROVIC 65, other 47

 

Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (126 seats - 91 Serbian, 35 Montenegrin - filled by nominees of the two state parliaments for the first two years, after which the Constitutional Charter calls for direct elections

elections: last held 25 February 2003 (next to be held 2005)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Serbian parties: SRS 30, DSS 20, DS 13, G17 Plus 12, SPO-NS 8, SPS 8; Montenegrin parties: DPS 15, SNP 9, SDP 4, DSS 3, NS 2, LSCG 2

 

Judicial branch: The Court of Serbia and Montenegro; judges are elected by the Serbia and Montenegro Parliament for six-year terms; note: since the promulgation of the 2003 Constitution, the Federal Court has constitutional and administrative functions; it has an equal number of judges from each republic

 

Economy

 

Economy - overview: MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of economic sanctions, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. After the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in October 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on an aggressive market reform program. After renewing its membership in the IMF in December 2000, a down-sized Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate into the international community by rejoining the World Bank (IBRD) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). A World Bank-European Commission sponsored Donors' Conference held in June 2001 raised $1.3 billion for economic restructuring. An agreement rescheduling the country's $4.5 billion Paris Club government debts was concluded in November 2001 - it wrote off 66% of the debt - and the London Club of private creditors forgave $1.7 billion of debt, just over half the total owed, in July 2004. The smaller republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and continues to maintain its own central bank, uses the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collects customs tariffs, and manages its own budget. Kosovo's economy continues to transition to a market-based system, and is largely dependent on the international community and the diaspora for financial and technical assistance. The euro and the Yugoslav dinar are both accepted currencies in Kosovo. While maintaining ultimate oversight, UNMIK continues to work with the European Union and Kosovo's local provisional government to accelerate economic growth, lower unemployment, and attract foreign investment to help Kosovo integrate into regional economic structures. The complexity of Serbia and Montenegro political relationships, slow progress in privatization, legal uncertainty over property rights, scarcity of foreign-investment and a substantial foreign trade deficit are holding back the economy. Arrangements with the IMF, especially requirements for fiscal discipline, are an important element in policy formation. Severe unemployment remains a key political economic problem for this entire region.

 

GDP: purchasing power parity - $26.27 billion (2004 est.)

 

GDP - real growth rate: 6.5% (2004 est.)

 

GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $2,400 (2004 est.)

 

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 15.5%; industry: 27.6%; services: 56.8% (2004 est.)

 

Labor force: 3.2 million (2004 est.)

 

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA

 

Unemployment rate: 30%; note: unemployment is approximately 50% in Kosovo (2004 est.)

 

Population below poverty line: 30% (1999 est.)

 

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA%; highest 10%: NA%

 

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.8% (2004 est.)

 

Investment (gross fixed): 14.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

 

Budget: revenues: $9.773 billion

expenditures: $10.46 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.)

 

Public debt: 80% of GDP (2004 est.)

 

Agriculture - products: cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats

 

Industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals

 

Industrial production growth rate: 1.7% (2002 est.)

 

Electricity - production: 31.64 billion kWh (2002)

 

Electricity - consumption: 32.33 billion kWh (2002)

 

Electricity - exports: 400 million kWh (2002)

 

Electricity - imports: 3.3 billion kWh (2002)

 

Oil - production: 15,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

 

Oil - consumption: 64,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

 

Oil - exports: NA

 

Oil - imports: NA

 

Oil - proved reserves: 38.75 million bbl (1 January 2002)

 

Natural gas - production: 602 million cu m (2001 est.)

 

Natural gas - consumption: 602 million cu m (2001 est.)

 

Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2001 est.)

 

Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2001 est.)

 

Natural gas - proved reserves: 24.07 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

 

Current account balance: $-3.008 billion (2004 est.)

 

Exports: $3.245 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

 

Exports - commodities: manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw materials

 

Exports - partners: Italy 30.1%, Germany 16.6%, Austria 7.4%, Greece 7.1%, France 5.3%, Slovenia 4.2%, US 4.1% (2004)

 

Imports: $9.538 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

 

Imports - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials

 

Imports - partners: Germany 20.2%, Italy 18.1%, Austria 9%, Slovenia 6.1%, France 5.1%, Netherlands 4.4%, Bulgaria 4.3%, Greece 4.2% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $3.55 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external: $12.97 billion (2004 est.)

 

Economic aid - recipient: $2 billion pledged in 2001 (disbursements to follow for several years)

 

Currency (code): new Yugoslav dinar (YUM); note - in Montenegro the euro is legal tender; in Kosovo both the euro and the Yugoslav dinar are legal

 

Exchange rates: new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - 64.1915 (official rate: 65) (2002)

 

Fiscal year: calendar year

 

Communications

 

Telephones - main lines in use: 2,611,700 (2003)

 

Telephones - mobile cellular: 3,634,600 (2003)

 

Telephone system: general assessment: NA; domestic: NA; international: country code - 381; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

 

Radio broadcast stations: AM 113, FM 194, shortwave 2 (1998)

 

Television broadcast stations: more than 771 (including 86 strong stations and 685 low power stations, plus 20 repeaters in the principal networks; also numerous local or private stations in Serbia and Vojvodina) (1997)

 

Internet country code: .cs

 

Internet hosts: 20,207 (2004)

 

Internet users: 847,000 (2003)

 

Transportation

 

Railways: total: 4,380 km; standard gauge: 4,380 km 1.435-m gauge (1,364 km electrified) (2004)

Highways: total: 45,290 km; paved: 28,261 km (including 374 km of expressways); unpaved: 17,029 km (2002)

 

Waterways: 587 km; note: Danube River traffic delayed by pontoon bridge at Novi Sad; plan to replace by summer of 2005 (2004)

 

Pipelines: gas 3,177 km; oil 393 km (2004)

 

Ports and harbors: Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat, Zelenika

 

Merchant marine: total: 2; by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 1; foreign-owned: 2 (Finland 1, Turkey 1); registered in other countries: 3 (2005)

 

Airports: 44 (2004 est.)

 

Airports - with paved runways: total: 19; over 3,047 m: 2; 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5; 1,524 to; 2,437 m: 6; 914 to 1,523 m: 2; under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

 

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 25; 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2; 914 to 1,523 m: 10; under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.)